different types of tb :: Article CreatorTypes Of TuberculosisOnlyMyHealth
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease and there is no doubt that it takes thousands of life every year in India. Tuberculosis is a lung infection that can spread very rapidly and affect your respiratory system in a way that you have breathing problems and causes serious health ailments. It is caused because of bacteria known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. What most people do not know is that tuberculosis is also of different types. Therefore on the occasion of World TB Day, we are going to look at different types of tuberculosis and its effect on your health.
Types of TB
We spoke to Dr. Ashok Tiwari, Head Pulmonologist in Ivory Hospital, Greater Noida to tell us about different types of tuberculosis present in our body. He explained that tuberculosis is usually a contagious lung disease that can affect the lungs from inside as well as outside. So basically there are two main categories in which TB is divided. One is active tuberculosis that is contagious and the other one is latent which isn't contagious. Active TB is also divided into extra pulmonary TB and pulmonary TB. The normal tuberculosis that affects maximum patients is pulmonary as active tuberculosis.
Active Vs Latent TB Active TB
Active tuberculosis or the general TB is a very contagious disease and can spread to people in coming in close proximity with tuberculosis patients. Active TB has many symptoms and causes attached to it. Symptoms of active TB vary depending on the category of tuberculosis the patient is suffering from. Some general symptoms of active TB patients can be-
Unusual or unexplained weight loss Loss of appetite Fever Having Chills Night Sweats Active Tuberculosis can cause life-threatening complications if not diagnosed on time. If there are any such symptoms of TB, then you should not delay it and show it to the concerned doctor for help.
Also Read- World Tuberculosis Day 2022: Here's How Tuberculosis Test Is Done
Latent TB
If you are going through a latent TB infection then it means that the bacteria in the body have been inactive. It seems dangerous because you do not get any symptoms of Tuberculosis in this type of TB. This happens to just 5-10% of the total population that gets affected by tuberculosis. Also a good part of it is that it is not contagious, so people around them will not get infected because of coming in close proximity with the person. However inspite of that, TB blood can affect your skin test and could result positive in diagnostic methods. The risk of this tuberculosis is higher in patients that have weaker immune system or underlying health condition.
Pulmonary TB
Pulmonary TB is a part of active tuberculosis but this involves lung infection. Usually this is the type of TB people think when they hear about this disease. It is the most common type of bacterial infection that occurs in your lungs in this disease. When you exhale air, then it can still remain in the air for several hours. You may have many severe symptoms of tuberculosis apart from having the general ones we looked in the active TB-
There is persistent cough that lasts for about three weeks or more Coughing up blood Having chest pain Shortness of breath Coughing phlegm Also Read- Autism In Adults: Know Symptoms And Challenges
Extra pulmonary TB
This is the type of TB that occurs outside the lungs, it can be equally problematic. Extrapulmonary TB spreads in the organs and bones near the lungs. The symptoms of this disease actually depend on the part of body that has been affected the most. The sub-categories of this TB include the following-
Skeletal TB TB lymphadenitis Military TB Genitourinary TB Liver TB Gastrointestinal TB TB meningitis TB peritonitis TB pericarditis Cutaneous TB Picture Credits- pixabay.Com
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Tuberculosis Types: What To Know - Medical News Today
Tuberculosis (TB) does not only affect the lungs — it can also affect other areas of the body, known as extrapulmonary TB. Types of extrapulmonary TB include gastrointestinal TB, skeletal TB, liver TB, and more.
TB is a disease that occurs due to an infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria.
It mostly affects the lungs but can also affect other areas of the body, including the liver, bones, reproductive system, and gastrointestinal tract.
People may have either active TB, which is contagious and causes symptoms, or latent TB, which does not cause symptoms or spread to others.
This article covers the different types of TB, testing for the disease, and more.
TB spreads through breathing in air particles containing the TB bacteria. If a person inhales these particles, TB bacteria enter the lung tissue.
Latent TB occurs if people have TB bacteria within their body, but it is inactive. Latent TB does not cause symptoms and cannot pass on to other people. However, latent TB can become active TB if the immune system weakens.
Active TB causes symptoms and is contagious. Doctors refer to active TB as TB disease. Symptoms of active TB include:
People with a weakened immune system have a higher risk of developing active TB from a TB infection. This is because the immune system is less able to fight the lung infection.
With active TB, the bacteria multiply and spread through the body.
Pulmonary TB affects the lungs. The lungs are the primary site of TB in up to 87 in 100 cases. Pulmonary TB may be latent or active, and around 10 in 100 people develop symptoms.
Around one-third of people may develop respiratory symptoms with pulmonary TB, but prolonged fever is the most common symptom.
Extrapulmonary TB affects organs and tissues outside of the lungs. Extrapulmonary TB accounts for around 15 in 100 of all TB cases.
People with a weakened immune system may develop extrapulmonary TB, such as people with HIV.
TB lymphadenitis
enlarged lymph nodes, which may appear as painless lumps on both sides of the head and neck fever night sweats fatigue
Skeletal TB
Skeletal TB is a type of TB that has spread to the bones. Around 10in 100 extrapulmonary TB cases are skeletal TB. The most commonly affected area for skeletal TB is the thoracic spine, which is the middle section of the spine.
Symptoms of skeletal TB include:
pain weakness or changes in movement and muscle function other TB symptoms, such as fever and malaise
Miliary TB
Miliary TB is a form of both pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB. Miliary TB appears as millet-seed-like lesions on the lungs and other organs in the body.
Symptoms of miliary TB depend on which organs it affects, but people can experience general symptoms such as:
weakness fever cough unexplained weight loss lack of energy
Genitourinary TB
Genitourinary TB affects the genitals, urinary tract, or kidneys. Bladder TB usually occurs after a TB infection in the kidneys.
Genital TB is rare, but in females, it may cause infertility. Genitourinary TB does not usually cause any symptoms.
Liver TB
Gastrointestinal TB
Gastrointestinal TB affects the gastrointestinal tract. TB is rare in the intestines but more common in the ileocecal area, between the end section of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine.
TB meningitis
TB meningitis is an infection of the meninges, the membranes covering the spinal cord and brain.
The TB infection may travel from the lungs through the lymph nodes to reach the meninges.
TB meningitis causes symptoms of meningitis, including:
TB peritonitis
Peritoneal TB affects the peritoneum, which is the lining of the abdomen. Peritoneal TB usually occurs alongside other types of abdominal TB. Peritoneal TB may cause ascites, which is a buildup of fluid in the abdomen.
TB pericarditis
TB pericarditis affects the pericardium, which is the membrane surrounding the heart. TB pericarditis affects around 1–2% of people with pulmonary TB.
Symptoms of TB pericarditis include:
Cutaneous TB
Cutaneous TB affects the skin and is a rare form of TB. Around 1–2% of all extrapulmonary TB cases are cutaneous TB. It is more common in people with HIV or other immunodeficiency.
Cutaneous TB can appear as any type of skin lesion, such as:
Types Of Tuberculosis And Tuberculosis Tests - Healthline
TB can be active or latent. Active TB is sometimes referred to as TB disease. This is the type of TB that's contagious.
Active TB
Active TB, sometimes called TB disease, causes symptoms and is contagious. The symptoms of active TB vary depending on whether it's pulmonary or extrapulmonary.
But general symptoms of active TB include:
Active TB can be life-threatening if not properly treated.
Latent TB
If you have latent TB infection, you have TB bacteria in your body, but it's inactive. This means you don't experience any symptoms. You also aren't contagious. Still, you'll have a positive result from TB blood and skin tests.
Latent TB can turn into active TB in 5 to 10 percent of people. This risk is higher for those with a weakened immune system due to medication or an underlying condition.
Pulmonary TB is active TB that involves the lungs. It's likely what most people think of when they hear tuberculosis.
You contract it by breathing in air exhaled by someone who has TB. The germs can remain in the air for several hours.
Along with the general symptoms of TB, a person with pulmonary TB may also experience:
persistent cough lasting three weeks or longer coughing up blood coughing up phlegm chest pain shortness of breath Extrapulmonary TB is TB that involves parts of the body outside of the lungs, such as the bones or organs. Symptoms depend on the part of the body affected.
TB lymphadenitis
TB lymphadenitis is the most common type of extrapulmonary TB and involves the lymph nodes.
It tends to affect the the cervical lymph nodes, which are the lymph nodes in your neck. But any lymph node can be affected.
Swollen lymph nodes may be the only symptom you notice. But TB lymphadenitis can also cause:
fever fatigue unexplained weight loss night sweats
Skeletal TB
Skeletal TB, or bone TB, is TB that spreads to your bones from your lungs or lymph nodes. It can affect any of your bones, including your spine and joints.
While skeletal TB is rare, it's been on the rise in some countries with high rates of HIV transmission and AIDS, which both weaken your immune system.
Initially, skeletal TB doesn't cause symptoms. But over time, it can cause general active TB symptoms in addition to:
severe back pain stiffness swelling abscesses bone deformities
Miliary TB
Miliary TB is a form of TB that spreads in your the body, affecting one or several organs. This type of TB often affects the lungs, bone marrow, and liver. But it can also spread to other parts of the body, including the spinal cord, brain, and heart.
Military TB causes general active TB symptoms in addition to other symptoms, depending on the body parts involved. For example, if your bone marrow is affected, you may have a low red blood cell count or a rash.
Genitourinary TB
Genitourinary TB is the second most common type of extrapulmonary TB. It can affect any part of the genitals or urinary tract, but the kidneys are the most common sites. It usually spreads to the area from the lungs through the blood or lymph nodes.
Genitourinary TB can be spread through intercourse, though this is rare.
People with this type of TB often develop a tuberculous ulcer on the penis or in the genital tract.
Other symptoms of genitourinary TB depend on the parts affected and may include:
testicular swelling painful urination decreased or interrupted flow of urine pelvic pain back pain decreased semen volume infertility
Liver TB
Liver TB is also called hepatic TB. It occurs when TB affects the liver. It accounts for less than 1 percent of all TB infections.
Liver TB can spread to the liver from the lungs, gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, or the portal vein.
Symptoms of liver TB include:
Gastrointestinal TB is a TB infection that involves any part of the gastrointestinal tract, which extends from the mouth to the anus. This type of TB causes symptoms similar to other gastrointestinal conditions, such as Crohn's disease.
Gastrointestinal TB
Symptoms of gastrointestinal TB depend on the area of the tract infected and may include:
abdominal pain loss of appetite weight loss change in bowel habits, such as diarrhea or constipation nausea vomiting an abdominal mass you can feel
TB meningitis
Also known as meningeal tuberculosis, TB meningitis spreads to the meninges, which are the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
TB can spread to the meninges from the lungs or through the bloodstream. Unlike other types of meningitis that develop quickly, TB meningitis usually develops gradually.
It often causes vague symptoms in the beginning, including:
aches and pains fatigue loss of appetite persistent headache low-grade fever nausea and vomiting As the condition progresses, it can also bring on:
severe headachess sensitivity to light neck stiffness
TB peritonitis
TB peritonitis is TB that causes inflammation of the peritoneum, which is a layer of tissue that covers the inside of your abdomen and most of its organs.
It affects 3.5 percent of people with pulmonary TB and as many as 58 percent of people with abdominal TB.
Ascites and fever are the most common symptoms of TB peritonitis. Ascites is a buildup of fluid in the abdomen that causes abdominal swelling, bloating, and tenderness.
nausea vomiting loss of appetite
TB pericarditis
TB pericarditis occurs when TB spreads to the pericardium. This consists of two thin layers of tissue separated by fluid that surround the heart and hold it in place.
It can present as different types of pericarditis, including constrictive pericarditis, pericardial effusion, or effusive-constrictive pericarditis.
Symptoms of TB pericarditis include:
chest pain fever palpitations shortness of breath cough
Cutaneous TB
Cutaneous TB affects the skin. It's very rare, even in countries where TB is common. There are several different types of cutaneous TB, and it can spread to other parts of the body.
The main symptoms of cutaneous TB are usually sores or lesions in different areas, particularly the:
elbows hands buttocks area behind the knees feet flat and painless purplish or brownish-red wart-like in appearance small bumps ulcers abscesses Different tests are used to diagnose TB, but a healthcare provider will usually start by checking for swollen lymph nodes and listening to someone's breathing with a stethoscope.
Next, they'll likely do some additional testing to determine whether someone has active or latent TB.
Mantoux tuberculin skin test (TST)
TST is performed by injecting a small amount of tuberculin into the skin of the forearm. The skin will be monitored for a reaction 48 to 72 hours after the injection.
A positive skin test indicates that TB bacteria is present, and additional tests are needed to determine if it's active or latent.
Blood tests
Blood tests can help to confirm or rule out active or latent TB. The tests measure your immune system's reaction to TB bacteria.
There are two blood tests approved by the Food and Drug Administration for TB:
T-SPOT TB test (T-Spot) QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT-GIT).
Imaging tests
Following a positive skin test, a healthcare provider may order a chest X-ray or CT scan. These tests produce images that may show changes in the lungs caused by active TB.
Sputum tests
Sputum is the mucus that comes up when you cough. Healthcare providers sometimes collect sputum samples and test them for different strains of TB bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant types.
The results of sputum tests are helpful in choosing the best course of treatment.
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