Urogenital tuberculosis — epidemiology, pathogenesis and clinical features

Seasonal Influenza: Everything You Need To Know About The Viral Infection

As the seasons change, so does the risk of seasonal influenza, commonly known as the flu. This highly contagious viral infection affects millions worldwide, causing mild to severe illness and, in some cases, life-threatening complications.

We spoke to experts to get insights on its symptoms, causes and preventive measures to help reduce the spread of the virus.

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What is seasonal influenza?

Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses that circulate globally. It affects the nose, throat, and sometimes the lungs--spreading through respiratory droplets when an infected person coughs, sneezes or talks.

"Unlike the common cold, flu symptoms appear suddenly and are often more severe," explains Dr Palleti Siva Karthik Reddy, internal medicine and consultant physician, Koshys Hospital, Bengaluru. "While a cold might make you feel under the weather, the flu can lead to complications such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and even heart problems."

Types of influenza viruses

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), influenza viruses are classified into four types:

1. Influenza A: The most severe type, responsible for global flu epidemics, including subtypes such as H1N1 and H3N2.

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2. Influenza B: Causes seasonal flu outbreaks but is generally less aggressive than Influenza A.

3. Influenza C: A milder form of the flue that does not lead to widespread outbreaks.

4. Influenza D: Primarily affects cattle and does not infect humans.

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Symptoms of seasonal influenza

Flu symptoms may appear 1-4 days after exposure and can last up to two weeks.

"Common flu symptoms include fever or chills, persistent dry cough, body aches, severe fatigue, runny or stuffy nose, sore throat, headache and dizziness, and vomiting or diarrhea," explains Dr Tushar Tayal, consultant, internal medicine, CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram.

"More severe symptoms are difficulty breathing or chest pain, persistent fever above 103°F, confusion or dizziness, bluish lips or face, and worsening cough with green or bloody mucus," he adds.

People at higher risks, such as young children, elderly adults, pregnant women, and those with conditions like asthma or diabetes should seek immediate medical care if symptoms worsen.

What causes seasonal influenza?

Understanding the causes, symptoms, and prevention strategies. (Image: Freepik)

"Seasonal influenza is caused by constantly mutating influenza viruses, which is why flu vaccines are updated yearly," says Dr Reddy.

There are three modes of transmission: airborne transmission where there are respiratory droplets from infected individuals, direct contact that includes touching contaminated surfaces and then touching the mouth, nose or eyes, and crowded environments such as schools, offices, public transport and hospitals, which increase flu transmission risk.

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Treatment and prevention options

While most flu cases resolve within 7-10 days, treatment can help speed recovery and prevent complications.

"For high-risk individuals, antiviral drugs like Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), Zanamivir (Relenza) and Baloxavir (Xofluza) can reduce symptom severity and duration by 1-2 days, and prevent serious flu complications," says Dr Tayal, adding, "Supportive care such as rest, hydration, over-the-counter medications, cough suppressants and decongestants, and steam therapy and humidifiers, are also helpful."

The best way to prevent the flu is through annual vaccination and good hygiene practices. "The flu vaccine is updated yearly to match circulating strains, making it the most effective preventive measure," Dr Reddy advises. As for good hygiene, "wash hands frequently with soap for at least 20 seconds, use alcohol-based hand sanitisers, and avoid touching your face."

Strengthening the immune system is equally crucial. "Eat a balanced diet rich in vitamin C, vitamin D and zinc. Exercise regularly and get 7-9 hours of sleep every night. Manage stress, as high stress levels weaken immunity," Dr Tayal notes.

If you do contract the flu, early treatment with antivirals and supportive care can speed the recovery and reduce the risk of complications.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don't treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.

Saumya Rastogi is a senior sub-editor who writes on everything lifestyle, such as health and fitness, beauty, fashion and art and culture. When not working, she likes to practice yoga, travel and hang out in quaint little cafes.

After A Surge Of Pneumonia, Public Health Expert Explains How To Protect Yourself And Your Child

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COVID-like Infection In Delhi NCR? These Are The Symptoms Seen In Over Half Of The Households: How To Stay Safe

Since February 2025, Delhi-NCR has been witnessing a sharp rise in viral infections, leaving hospitals overwhelmed with cases of fever, cough, body aches, and prolonged fatigue. Many patients are experiencing symptoms lasting up to 10 days—longer than the usual 5-7 days.While the seasonal transition typically brings a wave of flu, the intensity and scale of infections this year have raised serious concerns. A new survey by LocalCircles has revealed a troubling statistic: 54% of households in NCR currently have one or more individuals experiencing flu or Covid-like symptoms.

What the survey reveals about this health crisis To better understand the impact of the viral outbreak, LocalCircles conducted a survey across Delhi, Gurugram, Noida, Faridabad, and Ghaziabad. Over 13,000 residents participated, with 63% of respondents being men and 37% women.The findings show that:

9% of respondents reported four or more sick individuals in their household.

45% stated that two to three members were experiencing flu symptoms.

36% reported no illness in their household.

10% did not provide a clear response.

These results highlight a massive jump in flu-like illnesses compared to August 2024, when only 38% of households were affected. The sudden spike has prompted experts to investigate whether a new viral strain is at play or if worsening air quality and weather fluctuations are contributing factors.

Is it just the flu, or something more serious? Doctors across NCR are reporting a sharp increase in hospital visits and admissions due to severe flu symptoms, bronchitis, pneumonia, and even gastrointestinal issues like diarrhea and nausea.

Who is at the highest risk?

Elderly individuals (50+ years)

Children and infants

People with pre-existing conditions like asthma, hypertension, diabetes, COPD, or heart disease

Patients with weak immune systems are experiencing severe complications, prolonged illness, and a higher need for hospitalisation.

Why are so many people falling sick? It is believed that there are multiple factors that could be driving the surge:

Changing weather: Sudden temperature shifts weaken immunity, making people more vulnerable to infections.

High pollution levels: Poor air quality in Delhi-NCR is exacerbating respiratory illnesses and flu symptoms.

New viral strains: Mutations in flu and Covid viruses may be leading to longer recovery periods and more severe symptoms.

Weakened immunity post-pandemic: Reduced exposure to common viruses during lockdowns may have made people more susceptible to infections now.

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How to protect yourself and your family Given the increasing risk, it's important to take preventive measures:

Wear masks in crowded places to reduce exposure to airborne viruses.

Wash hands frequently to prevent infections from spreading.

Boost immunity with vitamin-rich foods, probiotics, and regular exercise.

Use air purifiers or avoid outdoor exposure on high-pollution days.

Consult a doctor immediately if symptoms worsen or persist beyond a week.

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