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“Bubonic plague outbreak: Black death panic after 11 deaths and patients 'vomiting blood' - Daily Express” plus 1 more
Bubonic plague: Expert on how Black Death 'killed millions'
In total, 15 cases were been reported in Ituri Province in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which has also battled an Ebola epidemic in recent years, between April 23 and May 8. Dr Louis Tshulo, the director of Ituri's Provincial Health Department (DPS), said: "The victims show symptoms of headache, fever, cough and vomiting blood.
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"The report shows 15 cases including 11 deaths so far. The first case was that of a lady who had died in the Fataki health zone in the Bukachele health zone.
"A week later, on April 30, a 30-year-old man also died after showing the same symptoms.
"On May 8, there was another man who died."
Health workers in Congo in February, where plague cases have been identified (Image: GETTY)
Fleas are the most common vector for bubonic plague (Image: GETTY)
Mr Tshulo added: "We were alerted when there were already five deaths in this health area in the same family.
"Afterwards, there were two people who had gone to the burial place in Bukachele who, on their return, became ill and died in Bule."
Fataki's intervention teams are continuing to investigate and on May 19, uncovered four more deaths, two in Bukachele and two in Bule including a traditional medicine practitioner who had treated others who had fallen ill.
Health workers at the height of the Ebola outbreak in Congo (Image: GETTY)
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Four more people with similar symptoms were currently being treated in health facilities, including two in Bule and two others in Bukachele, Mr Tshulo said.
People living in the health zone of Fataki and Djugu are being urged to wear masks, observe social distancing, avoid the handling of corpses and to be vigilant about suspected cases.
Samples taken from suspected cases of plague prior to being analysed (Image: GETTY)
Health workers take samples from a dead rat (Image: GETTY)
Cases of bubonic plague have been reported in Ituri since last year with 461 cases, including 31 deaths in eight health zones: Logo, Linga, Biringi, Kambala, Rethy, Rimba, Aru and Aungba.
Plague is an infectious disease which is caused by the Yersinia pestisbacterium.
It is found in animals throughout the world, most commonly rats but other rodents like ground squirrels, prairie dogs, chipmunks, rabbits and marmots in China. Fleas generally serve as the vector for plague.
Democratic Republic of Congo has been ravaged by Ebola and now faces cases of bubonic plague (Image: GETTY)
People can also get infected through direct contact with an infected animal, through inhalation and in the case of pneumonic plague, person to person.
Yersinia pestis is treatable with antibiotics if prescribed early enough.
There are three forms of human plague; bubonic, septicemic and pneumonic.
Last year, the Inner Mongolian Chinese city of Bayan was the subject of a level three warning for epidemic control, the second-lowest in a four-level system, after a farmer contracted the disease.
A plague pit in London, where the Black Death was rife in 1665 (Image: GETTY)
Speaking at the time, Sergei Diorditsu, a World Health Organization (WHO) representative in Mongolia, said: "There are natural foci of plague in Mongolia and the disease is spread by Mongolian marmots.
"The problem is that local residents who, despite all prohibitions and recommendations of local authorities, continue to hunt them and eat them, as this is a local delicacy."
Bubonic plague is believed to have wiped out 75 and 200 million people in the Middle Ages, when it was known as the Black Death.
It returned periodically over the coming centuries, most notably in 1665 when diarist Samuel Pepys chronicled the devastating impact it had in London in 1665.
In the Middle Ages, according to the medical faculty at the University of Paris, what contributed to the Black Death was that the air everyone breathe became infected by noxious vapors and spread about through gusts of wind. They suggested poisonous air from places like swamps, lakes, and unburied or unburned corpses probably contributed to the epidemic.
According to the medical faculty at the University of Paris, the poisonous air from swamps had some link to the Black Death. (Image: Abbie Warnock-Matthews/Shutterstock)
Corpses Didn't Just Smell
Any medieval person who had had any experience with warfare or surviving a siege of a city knew that having corpses lying around was not conducive to the continued health of the population.
This is why there were so many mass graves during the plague—it might have been easier to simply leave the dead where they fell, or inside their homes, but enough civic leaders recognized the threat to sanitation if this were permitted to happen.
Most people who had been to war knew that besides the smell, it was highly likely that people in close proximity of corpses would become sick. (Image: Baloncici/Shutterstock)
Those people who were willing to take on the job of transporting and burying corpses were able to command very high wages during the plague years. While most medieval people believed that they were affected by astrology, some scholars of the day completely discounted these planetary conjunctions and eclipse explanations.
Plague from Under the Earth
Although the Paris medical faculty did believe the plague had to do with astronomy, in addition to the planetary issue, they added:
Another possible cause of corruption, which needs to be borne in mind, is the escape of the rottenness trapped in the center of the Earth as a result of earthquakes—something which has indeed recently occurred.
Some scholars felt quite strongly that this was the whole answer right there. In a chronicle from Germany, one scribe makes the argument that astrological conjunctions happen all the time, and there's not usually a plague occurring in the aftermath.
But what's less common are earthquakes, and the scribe finds this the most plausible explanation, on the following grounds:
When air that is full of vapors and earthy fumes is enclosed and shut up for a long time in the prison of the Earth, it becomes so corrupted that it constitutes a potent poison to men. This is especially marked in caverns or deep inside the Earth as is often seen in the case of wells that have been unused for a long time. For when such wells are opened in order to be cleaned out it often happens that the first man to enter is suffocated, and sometimes in turn those who follow him.
Earthquakes Might Have Contributed to the Black Death
The anonymous chronicler notes that "it is a matter of scientific fact" that earthquakes are caused when noxious fumes build up inside the Earth and finally burst out, and that there was an earthquake in Germany on St. Paul's day in 1347, and after this, numerous people began to die from exposure to these vapors and fumes, which were then spread by storms, wind, and lightning.
Also, this cause makes more sense because the planets should affect everyone on Earth the same, but from his own experience, the poor were being struck down much more quickly and in greater numbers than the rich. He has an answer for this, however.
The chronicler argues that this is because the higher classes consume rich food and drink, which makes them hot, and "what is inside them leaves no room for such fumes and blocks their entry". Still, even they won't be able to avoid it forever, he concedes.
So, while many medieval experts disagreed on the source, they did agree on the fact that there was some sort of bad air that served as the means by which the infection was transmitted, and they even came up with a name for it, which we still use today—miasma.
Making the outbreak and the spread of miasma that much worse, according to almost every expert, was the fact that for the last few years, the weather across Europe had been really unpredictable.
The Paris medical faculty affirmed that last winter was not as cold as it should have been, with a great deal of rain; the spring windy and latterly wet. Summer was late, not as hot as it should have been, and extremely wet—the weather was very changeable from day to day and hour to hour. Autumn, too, was very rainy and misty.
The winters leading up to the plague outbreak were unusually warm, so the infection season was extended. (Image: Kotenko Oleksandr/Shutterstock)
When there are a series of earthquakes followed by pestilential disease, it's pretty hard for the medieval mind not to see a connection. But it's interesting to note the way in which the scientific explanations—planets, earthquakes, eclipses, weather—are able to stand right alongside a belief that the Black Death was also a punishment from God.
The weather also probably played a role in that the winters leading up to the plague outbreak were unusually warm, as the Paris medical faculty observed. The black rat flea usually goes into hibernation in the winter, but if the weather was unseasonably warm, some of the fleas might not have hibernated, which means that what might be called the infection season was extended. And, of course, the idea that infected air from unburied corpses might be a contributing factor is absolutely correct.
Common Questions about How Earthquakes and Weather Contributed to the Black Death
Q: How did scholars in the Middle Ages view the relationship between earthquakes and the Black Death?
They believed that noxious fumes were trapped beneath the Earth, which eventually got released, leading to earthquakes. These fumes were then spread by storms, wind, and lightning, contributing to theBlack Death.
Q: What is miasma?
Many medieval experts agreed on the fact that there was some sort of bad air that served as the means by which the infection was transmitted. They called this miasma.
Q: What effect did bad weather have on the Black Death?
Because of the strange weather before the plague arrived, people thought this contributed to theBlack Death, but it was not in the way they quite thought. Some unusually warm winters might have meant that some of the black rat fleas, which usually go into hibernation in the winter, had not hibernated, extending the infection season.
UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — An outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry in 2014-15 resulted in the destruction of more than 50 million chickens and turkeys in the U.S., causing billions of dollars in economic loss. This animal disease outbreak — the worst in U.S. history — is one example of how devastating a foreign animal disease can be to animal agriculture and the country's economy. The resurgence of avian influenza in multiple states, including Pennsylvania, is once again bringing the importance of preventing animal diseases to the forefront, noted Suresh Kuchipudi, clinical professor of microbiology in Penn State's College of Agricultural Sciences. Exploring the emergence, spread and control of animal infectious diseases such as avian influenza was the focus of the inaugural Emerging Animal Infectious Disease Conference held Nov. 29-Dec.1, 2021, at Penn State. It was hosted by the College of Agricultural Sciences, the Pennsylvania Department of A...
dented can botulism :: Article Creator Three Canadians Sickened In France's Botulism Outbreak Are From Quebec: PHAC The Public Health Agency of Canada has confirmed that the three Canadians who fell ill in a botulism outbreak in France are from Quebec. They're among at least 12 people who have suspected botulism after eating sardines prepared and served at Tchin Tchin Wine Bar in Bordeaux, France. The food was eaten between Sept. 4 and Sept. 10. The Associated Press has reported that some patients have been released from hospital, but most of them are in intensive care or critical condition. Canada's public health agency says it cannot divulge the condition of the patients from Quebec because it is considered private health information. Other tourists from the U.S., Ireland, Germany and Spain were among those sickened. One patient, who was not from Canada, has died. France's public health agency is leading the investigation...
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