What Is Chronic Bronchitis? Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention

COPD Improved By Tweaks To Microbiome Via Fecal Transplant Or Diet

Improving the health of the gut microbiome by way of fecal transplant (in mice) and dietary modification (in humans), has been shown by researchers to noticeably improve COPD symptoms. The finding could lead to microbiome-targeted treatments that provide relief to people suffering from this currently incurable condition.

Most often caused by long-term cigarette smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by inflammation and emphysema, leading to progressive impairment of lung function. Globally, in 2020, COPD prevalence was estimated to be 10.6%, or 480 million cases. That number is expected to grow to 600 million cases by 2050.

Drug treatments have little effect in reversing COPD, slowing its progression, or preventing deaths attributed to the condition, and they have significant adverse side effects. However, researchers from Centenary Institute, the University of Technology Sydney, and the Hunter Medical Research Institute may have paved the way for new therapeutic treatments for COPD by finding that the gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in the disease's development.

"The gut hosts the largest and most diverse microbiome in the body that, depending on its composition, can either trigger or inhibit inflammation, including in the lung," said Phil Hansbro, corresponding author of the study. "We were able to identify specific gut bacteria associated with the development of COPD in our mouse models, confirming the complex interplay between the gastrointestinal microbiome, inflammation, and lung disease."

The transfer of whole microbial communities from healthy individuals via fecal microbial transfer (FMT) is an effective treatment for patients with colitis caused by Clostridioides difficile bacteria, but whether it works for other diseases has not been as well-researched. So, the researchers decided to test it out.

Mice first had their microbiome normalized before being exposed to room air or cigarette smoke for 12 weeks to model COPD, with a subset of these mice exposed for only eight weeks to model smoking cessation. Air-exposed mice then received FMT from cigarette-smoke-exposed donors and vice versa.

All experimental groups showed a shift in microbiome composition between weeks zero and 12, with increased microbial diversity. However, particular bacterial species changed significantly between groups, some enriched and others depleted. The researchers could correlate lung and gut pathology with individual species.

Following FMT, mice exposed to cigarette smoke or smoking cessation model mice had significantly lower numbers of immune cells in their lung tissues and significantly less lung inflammation. The combination of smoking cessation and FMT had an additive effect, further reducing immune cells and lung inflammation. Importantly, FMT alleviated both emphysema and impaired lung function after cigarette smoking for 12 weeks.

"We used FMT to transfer beneficial gut microorganisms between healthy and COPD mice, that helped to reduce lung inflammation and improve breathing," Hansbro said. "This suggests a potential therapeutic effect of these specific gut microbes in mitigating COPD-related issues."

The researchers next assessed whether dietary supplementation with complex carbohydrates improved COPD outcomes. Mice were exposed to cigarette smoke for eight weeks and fed either a control diet or an equivalent diet with all carbohydrates as resistant starch. Because resistant starch is not digested by the host, it provides food to the 'good bacteria' of the microbiome. The starchy diet alleviated cigarette-smoke-induced airway inflammation, consistent with the protective effects of FMT.

To explore whether these findings translated to humans, the researchers conducted a small study of 16 patients with COPD. One group was fed supplements of inulin, a common fermentable fiber, for four weeks, while another was fed a placebo. The inulin group reported fewer episodes of worsening or respiratory symptoms requiring additional pharmaceutical intervention than the placebo group and improved health-related quality of life. Analysis showed that microbiome composition was significantly different after inulin consumption.

"Enhancing the diet of a small select group of human COPD patients through dietary fiber supplementation led to noticeable improvements in disease symptoms," said Kurtis Budden, the study's lead author. "Likewise, providing a high-resistant starch diet to mice with COPD yielded beneficial outcomes. These discoveries point towards a promising direction for dietary modification in the management of COPD."

The findings pave the way for developing microbiome-targeting treatments that could provide relief to people with COPD, a condition for which there is currently no cure.

The study was published in the journal Gut.

Source: Centenary Institute

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Market To Experience Significant Growth, Reaching Approximately USD 22.91 Billion By 2028 ⅼ Renub Research

Renub Research predicts that the Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease market will substantially growth, accomplishing around USD 22.91 Billion by 2028. The market is projected to grow at an outstanding CAGR of 5.73% from 2022 to 2028. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is a preventable and treatable contamination. Persistent respiratory symptoms and airflow drawback symbolize it because of abnormalities inside the airways and alveoli. The primary cause of this disease is tobacco smoking, but publicity to different environmental factors, inclusive of biomass fuel and air pollutants, can also play a position. Moreover, host factors such as genetic abnormalities, abnormal lung improvement, and expanded growing old additionally predispose individuals to increase COPD.

Chronic and modern dyspnea is the maximum feature symptom of COPD. Cough with sputum manufacturing is found in as much as 30% of patients. These symptoms may additionally range every day and precede airflow challenge improvement for many years. Due to numerous key factors, the persistent obstructive pulmonary disorder market is poised for giant increase and demand. One of the primary drivers is the increasing range of COPD instances many of the worldwide populace.

Request a free sample copy of the report: https://www.Renub.Com/request-sample-page.Php?Gturl=chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-market-p.Php

Additionally, growing cigarette consumption amongst younger people and growing public recognition of the benefits of widespread medicinal drugs are predicted to contribute to the market's growth all through the forecast duration. The continual obstructive pulmonary ailment marketplace is predicted to develop due to numerous factors. There has been a growth in healthcare spending and public consciousness in developing and underdeveloped countries, which has brought about a rise in facilities for treating this condition. Additionally, the growth of the continual obstructive pulmonary disease market is predicted to be driven by a growth in government and fundamental player research and improvement spending.

Pharmacotherapy for COPD consists of maintenance and reliever medications. Maintenance medications included:

Inhaled corticosteroid (ICS).

Long-acting beta-agonist (LABA).

Fixed-dose combination ICS + LABA.

Tiotropium (TIO).

Inhaled ipratropium or fixed-dose combination of ipratropium + albuterol (collectively referred to as ipratropium [IPR])

Reliever medications included short-acting beta-agonist (SABA), oral corticosteroid (OCS), nebulized ipratropium or combination ipratropium–albuterol (collectively referred to as nebulized ipratropium [nebIPR]), and antibiotics.

Bronchodilators are a type of treatment that can assist ease the signs and headaches of COPD. These medicines work via enjoyable the muscle tissues around the airways, making it simpler to respire. This helps open the airlines and makes respiration simpler. Most bronchodilators are taken thru an inhaler. The inhaler can also comprise steroids to lessen inflammation in more high instances. In addition, vaccines are commonly encouraged for the flu and pneumococcal pneumonia when consider that humans with COPD are at hazard for high problems from those diseases.

The emerging number of people suffering with continual obstructive pulmonary disorder is increasing globally. This is main to the development of new medicinal drug alternatives, such as inhalers. The pharmaceutical enterprise in growing markets, in particular in Asia Pacific, is also expanding. All of these factors are anticipated to contribute to the growth of the COPD market.

The Asia Pacific region is facing a significant impact of COPD due to the high levels of environmental pollution, the aging population, and the growth of the pharmaceutical industry. A recent study published in the International Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Sciences shows that India is now the 3rd leading cause of COPD death.

The Asia Pacific region is dealing with a widespread effect of COPD due to the high stages of environmental pollution, the ageing populace, and the growth of the pharmaceutical industry. A recent study has a look at posted in the International Journal of Pulmonary and Respiratory Sciences shows that India is now the third leading motive of COPD death.

The key players in the COPD treatment marketplace are AstraZeneca, Pfizer Inc., GlaxoSmithKline Plc, Novartis AG, Astellas Pharma, Abbott Laboratories, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, and Almirall.

Product Types – Market has been covered from 2 viewpoints

Chronic Bronchitis

Emphysema

Treatment- Market has been covered from 4 viewpoints

Drugs

Oxygen Therapy

Surgery

Others

Distribution Channels – Market has been covered from 3 viewpoints

Hospital Pharmacies

Retail Pharmacies

Online Pharmacies

Distribution Channels – Market has been covered from 5 viewpoints

North America

Europe

Asia Pacific

Latin America

Middle East & Africa

All the companies have been studied from 3 points

Overview

Recent Developments

Sales Analysis

Company Analysis

AstraZeneca

Pfizer, Inc

GlaxoSmithKline plc

Novartis AG

AstellasPharma Inc.

Abbott Laboratories

BoehringerIngelheim International GmbH

Almirall

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Unlocking The Lung's Hidden Army Of Flu Fighters

This image illustrates the very beginning stages of an influenza (flu) infection in the respiratory tract. Credit: CDC

Researchers discovered that the sac around the lungs contains macrophages that fight flu infections by moving into the lungs, offering new insights into lung health and potential treatments that enhance the body's immune response to combat drug-resistant infections.

Scientists have long thought of the fluid-filled sac around our lungs merely as a cushion from external damage. Turns out, it also houses potent virus-eating cells that rush into the lungs during flu infections.

Not to be confused with phages, which are viruses that infect bacteria, these cells are macrophages, immune cells produced in the body.

"The name macrophage means 'big eater.' They gobble up bacteria, viruses, cancer cells, and dying cells. Really, anything that looks foreign, they take it up and destroy it," said UC Riverside virologist Juliet Morrison, who led the discovery team. "We were surprised to find them in the lungs because nobody has seen this before, that these cells go into the lung when there's an infection."

A paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences details how during an influenza infection, macrophages leave the exterior cavity and cross into the lungs where they decrease inflammation and reduce levels of disease.

"This study shows it's not just what happens in the lung that matters, but also what's outside of the lung. Cell types not normally connected to the lung can have outsized impacts on lung disease and health," Morrison said.

The Role of the Pleural Cavity

There are three main cavities in the body: one around the heart, the abdominal cavity, and the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs. "Because it contains fluid, it prevents the lungs from collapsing. However, people have not thought much about the pleural cavity being a whole organ within itself. This research may change that perception," Morrison said.

Initially, the researchers set out to understand the more general question of what types of cells are present in the lungs during flu infections. They took existing data on lung-related genes from studies of mice that either died from the flu or survived. They then mined the data using an algorithm to predict cell types that change in the lungs during infections.

"We took big data and broke it down to assign which potential immune cells are in the lung tissues. That's where I got a hint that maybe we had a previously unknown external source of cells in the lung," Morrison said.

Methodology and Implications

Next, using a laser-based technique, the team tracked macrophages going into the lungs of mice, and observed what happened if they took these cells out of the equation. "When you take them out of the mouse you see more disease and more lung inflammation," Morrison said.

Morrison says she hopes this study will encourage other scientists to reevaluate data sets from older studies. "Our approach was to take information already out there and put it to new use, and we were able to see something new," she said.

Moving forward, the research team is hoping to determine which proteins "tell" the macrophages to move into the lungs. Once the protein signals have been identified, it may be possible to create drugs that boost either the number of macrophages, or their activity.

The strategy of boosting human defenses to infection, rather than developing another antiviral, could offer people a flu treatment that would be more effective for much longer. Morrison became interested in host therapeutics because antibiotic and antiviral resistance to drugs is a growing problem.

This problem occurs when germs like bacteria and fungi develop the ability to defeat the drugs designed to kill them. Misuse and overuse of the drugs is accelerating the problem. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than 2.8 million drug-resistant infections occur each year in the U.S., and more than 35,000 people die as a result.

"If we can boost what resolves infection in us, we probably have a better shot. We're less likely to have resistance. The immune system is so complicated, but it's our best bet in the long run to work with what we have rather than chase viruses that continue to escape our therapeutics," Morrison said.

Reference: "Pleural macrophages translocate to the lung during infection to promote improved influenza outcomes" by James P. Stumpff, Sang Yong Kim, Matthew I. McFadden, Andrew Nishida, Roksana Shirazi, Yael Steuerman, Irit Gat-Viks, Adriana Forero, Meera G. Nair and Juliet Morrison, 15 December 2023, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300474120

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