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Opportunistic etiological agents causing lung infections: emerging need to transform lung-targeted delivery

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end stage lung disease :: Article Creator Lung Disease Increasing level of pollution has made breathing in urban areas very difficult, raising the incidence of respiratory problems. Out of the world's top 20 cities with polluted air, 13 belong to India and according to the World health Organisation (WHO) report published in 2011, lung diseases rank 2ndin the list of top 20 causes of death. Naturally, lung disease is a big health issue that needs to be addressed. Here are some facts about lung disease you should know about. To understand the condition of your lungs, you need to first understand how the lungs function. Lungs are soft organs present on both right and left side of the chest. They are protected by a had covering called the ribcage. Each lung is made of sections called lobes. The main function of the lungs is to make oxygen available for purifying blood and to and eliminate carbondioxide from impure blood or deoxygenated blood
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Evidence suggests European plague victims buried with 'considerable care,' not just in mass graves - CTV News

Evidence suggests European plague victims buried with 'considerable care,' not just in mass graves - CTV News

Evidence suggests European plague victims buried with 'considerable care,' not just in mass graves - CTV News

Posted: 19 Jun 2021 10:58 AM PDT

TORONTO -- Researchers from the University of Cambridge in the U.K. have discovered the first evidence that European victims of the Black Death were buried with care in individual graves and not only in mass gravesites.

The Black Death, caused by the Bubonic plague pandemic, devastated Europe in the mid-14th century and killed between 40 to 60 per cent of the population. The plague continued to strike over several centuries.

Bubonic plague symptoms include fever, fatigue, shivering, vomiting, pain in the limbs and swollen lymph nodes, usually in the groin or armpits.

The plague killed so rapidly that it left no visible traces on the skeleton, so archaeologists have previously been unable to identify plague victims unless they were buried in mass graves, according to a release.

Researchers from the "After the Plague" project from the University of Cambridge, have been studying the DNA from teeth of individuals who died at the time and found the presence of Yersinia Pestis, the pathogen that causes plague, in the skeletal remains of people buried in individual graves at a parish cemetery in Cambridge.

"These individual burials show that even during plague outbreaks individual people were being buried with considerable care and attention," said lead study author Craig Cessford of the University of Cambridge in the release. "This contrasts with the apocalyptic language used to describe the abandonment of this church in 1365 when it was reported that the church was partly ruinous and 'the bones of dead bodies are exposed to beasts'."

Researchers also found that some plague victims in Cambridge received mass burial, finding some in a large trench in the churchyard of St. Bene't's.

"Our work demonstrates that it is now possible to identify individuals who died from plague and received individual burials," Cressford said. "This greatly improves our understanding of the plague and shows that even in incredibly traumatic times during past pandemics people tried very hard to bury the deceased with as much care as possible." 
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